The current social and political climate in Venezuela is having a significant impact on both citizens and immigrants interacting with immigration authorities. In this article we provide an update on the situation and its implications for those dealing with immigration processes.

Venezuela’s political environment is unstable.

The country is experiencing substantial instability following elections on July 28, 2024, in which Nicolás Maduro was declared re-elected as President. This outcome has sparked widespread protests across Venezuela. A significant portion of the electorate disputes the results, leading to ongoing demonstrations.

Several countries, including Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Peru, Panama, the Dominican Republic, and Uruguay, have officially rejected the election results, resulting in the suspension of diplomatic relations with Venezuela. Consequently, Venezuelan embassies in these countries have ceased operations. This has a direct impact on services such as passport issuance, visas, legalizations, and travel documents, leaving many Venezuelan nationals abroad without access to essential consular services.

Local immigration authority disruptions.

In Venezuela, local immigration authorities like SAIME (Servicio Administrativo de Identificación, Migración y Extranjería), MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), and SAREN (Servicio Autónomo de Registros y Notarías) are not officially suspended but are mostly closed to the public. This closure severely hampers services related to immigration processes. Despite these closures, the platform for obtaining police records remains operational. However, national and international courier services are experiencing significant delays, further complicating the situation for those needing to send or receive important documents.

Impact on immigrants and citizens.

For citizens and immigrants, the current situation poses several challenges:

Access to services: With embassies and local authorities either closed or operating at minimal capacity, obtaining necessary documentation such as passports and visas is extremely difficult.

Delays and uncertainty: The delays in courier services add another layer of uncertainty, making it challenging for individuals to meet immigration requirements or deadlines.

Consular support: Venezuelan nationals abroad face the challenge of limited consular support, affecting their ability to renew documents or seek assistance for immigration-related issues.

Support and assistance is available.

Our representatives in Venezuela are doing their best to operate under the current circumstances. If you or your employees are affected by these disruptions, we are here to provide guidance and support through our network partners in Caracas and our global offices.

As always, don’t hesitate to reach out to your Newland Chase dedicated contact or submit an inquiry here should you have any specific questions regarding this announcement.

This immigration update is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for legal or scenario-specific advice. Furthermore, it is important to note that immigration announcements are subject to sudden and unexpected changes. Readers are encouraged to reach out to Newland Case for any case- or company-specific assessments.  

The post VENEZUELA – Impact of the current political situation on immigration processes. appeared first on Newland Chase.

In an effort to streamline work and student permit processes, the Swedish Migration Agency has introduced a pilot scheme to allow nationals from 23 countries to complete the passport verification requirement using an application on their mobile phone or computer instead of attending in person to a Swedish Embassy or Consulate. Eligible applicants include nationals from Albania, Argentina, Australia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Georgia, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, North Macedonia, Peru, Serbia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, UK, Ukraine, and the USA.

It is anticipated that eligible applicants will receive an email from the Swedish Migration Agency within a few days of submission of the work or student permit application. The email will contain a link to the online service to complete the verification process online.

The introduction of the online verification will hopefully allow faster processing of applications and will be more cost effective to applicants. However, with many new online services, there may be some potential issues during the initial implementation phase.

As always, don’t hesitate to reach out to your Newland Chase dedicated contact or submit an enquiry here should you have any specific questions regarding this announcement.

This immigration update is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for legal or scenario-specific advice. Furthermore, it is important to note that immigration announcements are subject to sudden and unexpected changes. Readers are encouraged to reach out to Newland Chase for any case or company-specific assessments.

The post SWEDEN – Simplified Passport Checks appeared first on Newland Chase.

On March 31, 2024, Japan launched a new residence status called “Digital Nomad Visa”. This visa allows eligible foreign nationals to remain in Japan for up to six months in a 12-month period and work remotely for their overseas employer. Digital Nomad Visa holders are permitted to carry out the provision of paid services or selling of goods to overseas clients and are geared towards professions such as software developers, digital designers, virtual assistants, or sole proprietors of foreign companies.

How do applicants qualify for this visa?

• Applicants must be a national of a visa-exempt country and a country with a bilateral tax treaty with Japan. 
• Applicants must be employed by and remunerated by their employers overseas. 
• Applicants must have a minimum annual income of at least JPY 10 million (approx. USD 68,300) or more at the time of application 
• Applicants must hold an insurance policy that covers death, injury, and illness during their stay in Japan. Coverage of 10 million yen or more for the costs of treatment for injuries and illnesses must be in place.

A Digital Nomad Visa-holder can bring a legally married spouse and children with legal parentage to Japan, provided they also meet eligibility criteria. The Digital Nomad Visa will come under the “designated activities” visa category. Refer to the table below for the list of eligible nationalities.

As always, don’t hesitate to reach out to your Newland Chase dedicated contact or submit an inquiry here should you have any specific questions regarding this announcement.

Nationalities Eligible for Japan’s Digital Nomad Visa

This immigration update is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for legal or scenario-specific advice. Furthermore, it is important to note that immigration announcements are subject to sudden and unexpected changes. Readers are encouraged to reach out to Newland Chase for any case- or company-specific assessments. 

The post JAPAN – Digital Nomad Visa Launched    appeared first on Newland Chase.

Operation of the Bogota office will be overseen by Diana Monsalve, who was recently named the director of Newland Chase’s practice in Colombia. Diana is a Colombian attorney holding a specialization degree in employment law from the Universidad del Rosario as well as a master’s degree in international business law from York University. She has years of experience working with some of the Big Four consulting firms, where she provided immigration assistance to a variety of multinational clients.

The new office in Brussels will be led by Buidi Mundadi, Newland Chase’s Senior Consultant in Belgium. In this role she will oversee all Belgian casework and will advise clients on all matters related to inbound immigration to Belgium. Buidi brings more than a decade of experience to the role of Immigration Manager, having worked previously for the Big Four accounting practices and several leading relocation management companies. She has worked with clients of all sizes from large multinationals to small independent firms, working both locally in Belgium as well as internationally.

The new Colombia office joins Newland Chase’s growing footprint in the LATAM region, which includes existing offices in Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina, while Belgium joins a list of CIBT/Newland Chase offices across Europe.

The post NEWLAND CHASE – New Services in Belgium, Colombia appeared first on Newland Chase.

Operation of our Bogota office will be overseen by Diana Monsalve, who was recently named the director of Newland Chase’s practice in Colombia. Diana is a Colombian attorney holding a specialization degree in employment law from the Universidad del Rosario as well as a master’s degree in international business law from York University. She has years of experience working with some of the Big Four consulting firms, where she provided immigration assistance to a variety of multinational clients.

Newland Chase, and its parent company CIBT, have more than 30 years of experience in in creating flexible, compliant, and responsive visa and immigration solutions for many of the world’s leading companies of all sizes – from small start-ups, to Fortune 500 multinationals.

Our Bogota office, under Diana and her team, will offer the responsive, innovative, and bespoke solutions our clients have come to expect from Newland Chase.

The post COLOMBIA – Newland Chase Bogota Office Now Open appeared first on Newland Chase.

The new countries added to the eTA program are:

• Antigua and Barbuda
• Argentina
• Costa Rica
• Morocco
• Panama
• Philippines
• Kitts and Nevis
• Lucia
• Vincent and the Grenadines
• Seychelles
• Thailand
• Trinidad and Tobago
• Uruguay

Travelers from these countries who have either held a Canadian visa in the last 10 years or who currently hold a valid United States non-immigrant visa can now apply for an eTA instead of a visa when travelling to Canada by air. Effective June, 6, eligible travelers from these countries can benefit from the program.

Newland Chase Insights

This will make it faster, easier, and more affordable for thousands of travelers from different nations to visit Canada for up to six (6) months for either business or leisure. This will also aid in the growth of Canada’s economy by facilitating more travel, tourism and international business. The Canadian government also expects a reduction in visa caseload, allowing for increased efficiency for the processing of visa application, benefiting visa applicants worldwide.

Individuals who already have a valid visa can continue to use it to travel to Canada. Those who are not eligible for an eTA, or who are travelling to Canada by means other than air (e.g. car, bus, train, boat – including by cruise shop) will still need a visitor visa.

As always, don’t hesitate to reach out to your Newland Chase dedicated contact or submit an inquiry here should you have any specific questions regarding this announcement.

This immigration update is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for legal or scenario-specific advice. Furthermore, it is important to note that immigration announcements are subject to sudden and unexpected changes. Readers are encouraged to reach out to Newland Chase for any case- or company-specific assessments.

The post CANADA – Countries Added to eTA Program appeared first on Newland Chase.

In preparation for travelers heading to the FIFA World Cup 2022 in Qatar, the authorities have announced that any foreigners traveling from 1 November 2022 to Qatar should procure a Hayya Card prior to entering the country, except Qatari Residence permit holders.

However, there is no clear information from the authorities as as to whether travelers on Qatar temporary work visas are required to secure a Hayya card. No other standard visit/travel/visa-free/visa-on- arrival permits will be issued during this period and Hayya will be considered as the entry permit.

Residents of United Arab Emirates and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries will also need a Hayya card to enter Qatar starting from 1 November 2022. This requirement is applicable to all travelers intending to visit Qatar, irrespective of whether they are traveling to attend the FIFA World Cup, for leisure, or any other purpose.

Those with confirmed match tickets can apply for a Hayya card now. The traveler’s accommodation will also need to be validated during the process. To apply for a digital Hayya Card, and to book accommodation, please visit Qatar2022.qa or download the Hayya to Qatar 2022 app (available on iOS and Android).

Hayya Card is operated by the government of the State of Qatar. For any questions relating to the digital Hayya Card please contact info@hayya.qa or call 800.2022 (Qatar) or (+974) 4441.2022 (International). Please contact enquiries@book.qatar2022.qa, for enquiries regarding the accommodation options.

Qatar Travel Prior to 1 November 2022

Travelers who intend to travel to Qatar before 1 November 2022 may be permitted to entry the country based on the below categories of visas. If the traveler intends to attend FIFA World Cup 2022 matches, they will still need to secure a Hayya card to access the stadium.

Visa on Arrival – 90 days

Nationals of the countries listed in the table below can secure a visa on arrival for 180 days from the date of issuance and are entitled to stay in Qatar only for 90 days, during either a single trip or on multiple trips.

Visa on arrival – 30 days + extendable 30 days

Nationals of the countries listed in the table below can secure a visa on arrival for 30 days from the date of issuance and are entitled to spend up to 30 days in Qatar, during either a single trip or on multiple trips. The visa on arrival can be extended for a further 30 days in-country.

India and Pakistan

Citizens of India and Pakistan are eligible to apply for the 30-day visa waiver/visa on arrival for single or multiple-entry visits during the 30 days from the date of initial issuance. However, there are some additional rules in place.

• Travelers from India and Pakistan should have passport validity for a minimum of six months or more.
• Travelers must carry confirmed return tickets.
• Hotel quarantine booking for the number of days advised (currently one day which ends after proof of a negative test).
• Travelers must carry a valid credit card or a minimum cash amount of USD 1400 (may vary and recommended to check with the carrying airline prior to making travel plans).
• Hotel bookings for the duration of the stay must be booked in advance through the Discover Qatar website.
• Travelers from both countries should have a certificate confirming a negative PCR test completed during the 72 hours from the time of arrival.
• Travelers must be fully vaccinated with vaccines approved by the Ministry of Public Health and have completed a period of 14 days after the last dose.
• Those coming directly from Pakistan should also present a certificate of vaccination against polio.
• Passengers arriving in Qatar must download and activate the Ehteraz app upon arrival at Qatar’s entry ports.

Visa-Free Entry for GCC Nationals

GCC nationals do not need a visa to travel to Qatar. This applies to citizens of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates.

For general advice and information on immigration and business travel to Qatar, please contact us.

This immigration update is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for legal or scenario-specific advice. Furthermore, it is important to note that immigration announcements are subject to sudden and unexpected changes. Readers are encouraged to reach out to Newland Chase for any case- or company-specific assessments.

The post QATAR: Traveling to the FIFA World Cup 2022 appeared first on Newland Chase.

The purpose of the new visa is to attract tourists who would like to spend an extended period visiting Argentina, by allowing them permission to work at the same time as visiting. Visa issuance includes foreign nationals who have not previously required a visa to visit Argentina and who will render services remotely through the use of computing, telecommunications, or similar means to a company outside Argentina.

The visa can be issued for a period of 180 days and can be extended for a further 180 days.

Newland Chase Insights

Permission to work in Argentina has historically required sponsorship by a company in Argentina, and the Digital Nomad visa is a departure from this requirement.

As always, don’t hesitate to reach out to your Newland Chase dedicated contact or submit an inquiry here should you have any specific questions regarding this announcement.

This immigration update is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for legal or scenario-specific advice. Furthermore, it is important to note that immigration announcements are subject to sudden and unexpected changes. Readers are encouraged to reach out to Newland Chase for any case- or company-specific assessments.

The post ARGENTINA: Introduction of New Digital Nomad Visa appeared first on Newland Chase.

What is the Global Entry Program?

Designed to provide expedited entry clearance for “pre-approved, low-risk travelers” upon arrival in the United States, the Global Entry program allows pre-screen travelers to skip long processing lines and paperwork at most major international airports. Global Entry members are also eligible for the TSA Precheck program.

With this announcement, Brazil joins 12 other countries that have access to the program: Argentina, Colombia, Germany, India, Mexico, the Netherlands, Panama, South Korea, Singapore, Switzerland, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom. Note that Canadian citizens are eligible for Global Entry program benefits through membership in the NEXUS program.

Eligibility and Application Process for Brazilian Citizens

Effective immediately, Brazilian citizens can apply for Global Entry membership unless they meet any of the following ineligibility criteria:

• Provide false or incomplete information on the application;
• Have been convicted of any criminal offense or have pending criminal charges or outstanding warrants (to include driving under the influence);
• Have been found in violation of any customs, immigration or agriculture regulations or laws in any country;
• Are the subject of an ongoing investigation by any federal, state or local law enforcement agency;
• Are inadmissible to the United States under immigration regulation, including applicants with approved waivers of inadmissibility or parole documentation; or
• Cannot satisfy CBP of their low-risk status.

Eligible applicants will need to take the following steps to apply for the program:

1. Apply Online via CBP’s Trusted Traveler Programs (TTP) website – applicant will need to pay the $100 non-refundable application fee as part of this application.
2. Schedule an Interview – once the application has been reviewed, the travelers will receive a message in their TTP account instructing them to schedule an interview at one of the Global Entry Enrollment Centers. If the individual is unable to schedule an in-person interview, they may opt to use the Enrollment on Arrival (EoA) option that is immediately available while entering the U.S. from an international country. Additional information regarding EoA is available here.
3. In-Person Eligibility Interview – a U.S. CBP officer will ask the applicant questions, check their documentation, and take their biometrics (photograph and fingerprints). Applicants must provide identification with their valid passport(s) and one other form of government-issued identification (e.g. driver’s license or ID card) at this interview. Lawful permanent residents of Brazil will also be required to present their permanent resident card.

If approved, membership will be valid for five (5) years and renewable online through the TTP website.

It is important to note that membership in the Global Entry program does not change any visa requirements for these travelers. Currently, all Brazilians need a visa to visit and enter the United States unless they are tourists holding an eligible dual nationality (and enter using their non-Brazilian passport).

In addition, Global Entry members who are not U.S. citizens or U.S. lawful permanent residents must maintain updated visa information with CBP. If a Global Entry member obtains a new visa, or obtains a new passport, the member must make an in-person notification to CBP at a Global Entry enrollment center. If the visa information is incomplete or not properly updated with CBP, the Global Entry kiosk may incorrectly calculate the member’s class of admission and admission date.

Newland Chase Insights

Approved Brazilian Global Entry members will enjoy faster entry processing when arriving in the United States, which will be especially beneficial for Brazilian tourists and business travelers who frequently travel to the United States.

However, as mentioned above, holding membership in the Global Entry program does not remove the requirement for Brazilian citizens to hold a valid U.S. visa prior to entering the country. This remains a significant challenge for new applicants as visa appointment wait times at U.S. Consulates throughout Brazil remain extremely high (in some locations wait times have reached nearly 300 days).

As always, don’t hesitate to reach out to your Newland Chase dedicated contact or submit an inquiry here should you have any specific questions regarding this announcement.

This immigration update is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for legal or scenario-specific advice. Furthermore, it is important to note that immigration announcements are subject to sudden and unexpected changes. Readers are encouraged to reach out to Newland Case for any case- or company-specific assessments.

The post UNITED STATES: Brazil Fully Added to Global Entry Program appeared first on Newland Chase.

In December 2019, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2 or COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China.[1] In late January 2020, China enacted a lockdown of Hubei province,[2] and the World Health Organization declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.[3] By this stage, the outbreak had spread to a number of countries around the world.[4]

To contain the spread of the pandemic, countries enacted unprecedented restrictions on travel, shutting down international borders and airline routes. This article considers the border policies adopted by a sample of 50 countries, chosen at random. It relies largely on data collected by Newland Chase from in-country interviews and local publications, published on 2 May 2020 online.[5]

Countries continue to monitor and adjust their policies to respond to the ongoing pandemic, and as a consequence, the information relied on by this article may no longer accurately reflect the policies currently in place. The conclusions drawn from this analysis are intended only to provide general insight into the various approaches to border control adopted by countries around the world.

Discussion of Findings

Every country in the sample implemented some form of restriction on international arrivals, however, the extent of the restriction varied. Most countries closed their borders entirely, with exceptions for returning citizens and permanent residents, and their family members (34 out of 50 or 68%).

The remaining countries adopted a more relaxed approach to border control, either only banning arrivals from certain countries, or providing exemptions to the ban for travelers from certain countries. Eight of the surveyed countries restricted entry to visitors only from a list of specific “high-risk” countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan.

Every country in the sample implemented a quarantine or self-isolation requirement for incoming international arrivals. Generally, the quarantine requirement applied to all arrivals (with limited exceptions) for a period of 14 days, however, 14 countries in the sample (28%) imposed quarantine based on whether an arrival had visited or was a national of a certain country.

For instance, Germany exempted certain travelers from the EU and certain other European countries from quarantine,[6] while the United States only required quarantine for arrivals from China, Iran, countries in the Schengen zone, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Brazil.[7]

In addition to controlling new arrivals, COVID-19 has raised challenges for foreign nationals outside their countries of nationality. With borders closed, many countries have been faced with a significant number of foreign nationals with imminently expiring visas, who cannot be repatriated to their country of origin due to closed borders and a lack of flight services.

Most countries adopted a more lenient approach to accommodate stranded foreign nationals. From the sample of 50, 34 countries’ policies towards onshore nationals were considered.

Common policies included:

• Automatic extensions for expiring temporary visas and residence and work permits. Some form of automatic extension was adopted by 21 out of the 34 countries. This approach was particularly prevalent in European states, but was also employed in Argentina, Indonesia, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Vietnam and New Zealand. In the United Kingdom, automatic extensions applied to health workers for the National Health Service (NHS) only.[8]
• Concessions relating to extensions. 12 countries relaxed their extension policies, allowing foreign nationals who could not return home to apply for extensions of stay. These policies typically applied to temporary visa holders in countries that did not implement automatic extension.
• Reduced or suspended penalties for expired visas and permits. Nine countries had an identifiable formal policy of reducing or removing penalties for overstaying visas and not enforcing strict compliance of visa These countries included China, Denmark, Russia, Taiwan and the United Kingdom.
• Extended or altered administrative processes. Eight countries had an identifiable formal policy of extending or suspending requirements such as biometrics, medical examinations, in- person interviews and/or police
• Concessions on work restrictions. Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, who impose work restrictions on certain visas, relaxed these For example, in New Zealand, students are generally confined to 20 hours work per week, but were allowed to increase those hours if they worked in an essential service.[9]

As of May 2020, border restrictions and quarantine periods began to ease. In Europe, countries began implementing bilateral and multilateral “travel bubbles” for countries with similar risk profiles. Notably, the Baltic States of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia permitted travel within their “bubble” from 15 May 2020.[10] Austria opened its borders to some neighboring countries from 4 June 2020 and lifted restrictions to most EU countries on 16 June 2020 for persons with a medical certificate.[11]

Italy reopened its borders for tourists within Europe as of 3 June 2020,[12] and the European Commission published a recommendation that Schengen Zone countries lift internal borders from 15 June 2020,[13] which is set to be adopted by countries including Germany and Switzerland.[14] The effects of this increased international mobility on the spread of COVID-19 remains to be seen.

Lessons for the Future

This sample indicates that countries adopted broadly similar approaches to containing COVID-19, and travel bans were a particularly prominent response. In their study, Wells et al found that airline connectivity with mainland China correlated significantly with increased COVID-19 risk in the early stages of the pandemic.[15] Stricter border controls therefore potentially reduce incidences of COVID-19; a hypothesis that appears to be supported by comparing the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.

Between 31 January 2020 and 14 March 2020, the United States restricted entry for foreign nationals who had been in China, Iran and certain European countries in the 14 days prior to travelling to the United States.[16] Citizens and residents returning from these countries were required to go through enhanced airport screening and self-quarantine for 14 days.[17]

The United Kingdom similarly opted to restrict entry based on travel history, and imposed quarantine requirements for international arrivals much later on 8 June 2020.[18] Both these countries have become major hotspots for the disease.

As of 11 June 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that the United States had 1,994,283 reported cases of COVID-19 (20,486 new cases in the past 24 hours) and 112,967 deaths[19], while the United Kingdom reported 291,409 confirmed cases and 41,279 deaths.[20]

By comparison, Australia and New Zealand had measures in place from early February and implemented complete entry bans from 20 March 2020 with limited exceptions for returning citizens, residents and their families.[21] As at 11 June 2020, the Australian Department of Health reported 7,285 total cases (9 new cases in the last 24 hours) and 102 deaths.[22] The New Zealand Ministry of Health reported 1,154 confirmed cases, and as at 11 June 2020 had reported no new cases in the preceding week.[23]

These comparisons should be read with caution, as infection and death rates represent an unreliable metric due to different counting methods, levels of testing and other variables.[24] Nevertheless, there appears to be a disparity between Australia and New Zealand, who implemented a total ban, and the United States and United Kingdom, who implemented a selective ban. This disparity could be explained, in part, due to COVID-19’s long asymptomatic incubation period.

Policies that restrict travelers from “high risk” locations based on airport screening or data of reported cases rely on potentially outdated information that does not effectively account for individuals in the incubation period, who may go undetected.[25] A blanket ban avoids these difficulties.

Despite this, Japan and South Korea both adopted a selective approach to border control, and originally reported a high number of cases but have since had success controlling the spread of the virus domestically.[26] Both these countries implemented internal measures including social distancing, widescale testing and contact tracing. This indicates that while complete travel bans may delay the importation of COVID-19, it is not the only effective mechanism.

Conclusion

Countries have broadly adopted similar border policies to managing COVID-19, including implementing entry restrictions, quarantine periods and taking a more lenient approach to onshore foreign nationals who cannot return to their usual countries of residence. Despite this general consistency, the extent and success of these measures has been variable. This study has identified some correlation between the early implementation of strict entry bans and success in containing COVID-19, however, this is not necessarily a general rule.

This article originally appeared in the Lexis Nexis Australia Immigration Review.

[1] Catrin Sohrabi et al, “World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)” (2020) 76 International Journal of Surgery 71, 71.

[2] Chad R Wells et al, “Impact of international travel and border control measures on the global spread of the novel 2019 coronavirus outbreak” (2020) 117(13) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 7504, 7504.

[3] Sohrabi et al (n 1) 71.

[4] Ibid.

[5] Newland Chase, “COVID-19: Latest Travel and Immigration Updates” (2 May 2020).

[6] Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community, “Coronavirus: Frequently Asked Questions”  (2020) <www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/faqs/EN/topics/civil-protection/coronavirus/coronavirus-faqs.html#doc13797140bodyText4>.

[7] See Proclamation No 9996 Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Certain Additional Persons Who Pose a Risk of Transmitting 2019 Novel Coronavirus (14 March 2020) 85 FR 15341; Proclamation No 9994 Declaring a National Emergency Concerning the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak (13 March 2020) 85 FR 15337; Proclamation No 9993 Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Certain Additional Persons Who Pose a Risk of Transmitting 2019 Novel Coronavirus (11 March 2020) 85 FR 15045; Proclamation No 9992 Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Certain Additional Persons Who Pose a Risk of Transmitting 2019 Novel Coronavirus (29 February 2020) 85 FR 12855; Proclamation No 9984 Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Persons Who Pose a Risk of Transmitting 2019 Novel Coronavirus and Other Appropriate Measures To Address This Risk (31 January 2020) 85 FR 6709.

[8] United Kingdom Government, “Visa extensions for health workers during coronavirus (COVID-19)” (Web Page, 2020) <www.gov.uk/coronavirus-health-worker-visa-extension>.

[9] New Zealand Immigration, “Covid-19: Key Updates” (Web Page, 2020) <www.immigration.govt.nz/about-us/covid-19/coronavirus-update-inz-response>.

[10] Memorandum of Understanding between Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Estonia, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia and the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs  of  the  Republic of Lithuania on Lifting of Travel Restrictions Between  Estonia,  Latvia  and  Lithuania  for  Land, Rail, Air and Maritime Transport and Cooperation Thereof During the Covid-19 Crisis, signed  15 May 2020 (Memorandum of Understanding); Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia, “Travel within the Baltic States” (Web Page, 15 May 2020); Republic of Estonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “MoU: Lifting of Travel Restrictions Between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania for Land, Rail, Air and Maritime Transport and Cooperation Thereof During the Covid-19 Crisis” (Web Page, 15 May 2020)<https://vm.ee/en/news/mou-lifting-travel-restrictions-between-estonia-latvia-and- lithuania-land-rail-air-and-maritime>.

[11] The Austrian National Tourist Office, “Up-to-date Information on the Coronavirus Situation” (Web Page, 2020) <www.austria.info/en/service-and-facts/coronavirus-information>.

[12] Decreto-Legge 16 maggio 2020 no 33 [Decree Law No 33 of 16 May 2020] (Italy) OJ General Seriesn. 125, 16 May 2020 <www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2020/05/16/20G00051/sg>; Italian Government, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, “‘Phase 2’ — Frequently asked questions about the measures taken by the government” (Press Release, 1 June 2020) <www.governo.it/it/faq-fasedue>

[13] European Commission, “Coronavirus: Commission recommends partial and gradual lifting of travel restrictions to the EU after 30 June, based on common coordinated approach” (Press release, 11 June 2020) <https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_1035>.

[14] Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community, “Changes in the border regime” (Press Release, 13 May 2020) <www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/pressemitteilungen/EN/2020/05/changes-in-the-border-regime.html>; Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, “Coronavirus: Switzerland to reopen its borders with all EU/EFTA states on 15 June” (Press release, 5 June 2020) <www.eda.admin.ch/ eda/en/fdfa/fdfa/aktuell/news.html/content/eda/en/meta/news/2020/6/5/79365>.

[15] Wells et al (n 2) 7504, 7507.

[16] Proclamation No 9984 (n 7); Proclamation No 9992 (n 7); Proclamation No 9993 (n 7); Proclamation No 9996 (n 7).

[17] Proclamation No 9984 (n 7).

[18] Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, “COVID-19 and travel”, (5 June 2020) <www.smartraveller. gov.au/destinations/europe/united-kingdom>.

[19] Centre for Disease Control, “Cases in the US” (11 June 2020) <www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html>.

[20] Department of Health and Social Care and Public Health England, “Number of coronavirus (COVID-19) cases and risk in the UK” (11 June 2020) <www.gov.uk/guidance/coronavirus-covid-19- information-for-the-public#number-of-cases-and-deaths>.

[21] Prime Minister of Australia “Border Restrictions” (Media Release, 19 March 2020) <www.pm.gov. au/media/border-restrictions#:~:text=Australia%20is%20closing%20its%20borders,spouses%2C% 20legal%20guardians%20and%20dependants.>; Jason Walls, “Coronavirus: NZ shutting borders to everyone except citizens, residents — PM Jacinda Ardern” New Zealand Herald (19 March 2020)<www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12318284>.

[22] Department of Health, “Coronavirus (COVID-19)  current  situation  and  case  numbers”  (11 June 2020) <www.health.gov.au/news/health-alerts/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-health-alert/coronavirus-covid-19-current-situation-and-case-numbers>.

[23] Ministry of Health, “COVID-19 — current cases” (12 June 2020) <www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-current-situation/covid-19-current-cases>.

[24] David Spiegelhalter, “Coronavirus deaths: how does Britain compare with other countries?” The Guardian (30 April 2020) <www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/apr/30/coronavirus-deaths-how-does-britain-compare-with-other-countries>.

[25] Wells et al (n 2) 7508.

[26] Jake Sturmer and Yumi Asada, “Japan was feared to be the next US or Italy. Instead their coronavirus success is a puzzling ‘mystery’” (News Article, 23 May 2020) <www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-23/ japan-was-meant-to-be-the-next-italy-on-coronavirus/12266912>; Vernon J Lee, Calvin J Chiew and Wei Xin Khong, “Interrupting transmission of COVID-19: lessons from containment efforts in Singapore” (2020) 27(3) Journal of Travel Medicine 1, 1.

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